London Stock Exchange

Origin of share trading

The trade in shares in London began with the need to finance two voyages: The Muscovy Company's attempt to reach China via the White Sea north of Russia, and the East India Company voyage to India and the east.

Unable to finance these expensive journeys privately, the companies raised the money by selling shares to merchants, giving them a right to a portion of any profits eventually made.

[edit] Exchange

The idea soon caught on (one of the earliest was the Earl of Bedford's scheme to drain the fens). It is estimated that by 1695, there were 140 joint-stock companies. The trade in shares was centred around the City's Change Alley in two coffee shops: Garraway's and Jonathan's. The broker, John Castaing, published the prices of stocks and commodities called The Course of the Exchange and other things in these coffee shops.

American Stock Exchange

NYSE Amex Equities, formerly known as the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) is an American stock exchange situated in New York. AMEX was a mutual organization, owned by its members. Until 1953 it was known as the New York Curb Exchange.^[4] On January 17, 2008 NYSE Euronext announced it would acquire the American Stock Exchange for $260 million in stock.^[5] On October 1, 2008, NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the American Stock Exchange.^[6] Before the closing of the acquisition, NYSE Euronext announced that the Exchange will be integrated with Alternext European small-cap exchange and renamed NYSE Alternext U.S.^[7] In March 2009, NYSE Alternext U.S. was again rebranded to NYSE Amex Equities.^[8]

Australian Securities Exchange

The Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) is the primary stock exchange in Australia. The ASX began as separate state-based exchanges established as early as 1861. Today trading is all-electronic and the exchange is a public company, listed on the exchange itself.

The Australian Securities Exchange as it is now known resulted from the merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchange in December 2006.

Bombay Stock Exchange

The Bombay/Mumbai Stock Exchange Limited (Marathi: मुंबई शेयर बाजार Mumbaī Śheyar Bājār) (formerly, The Stock Exchange, Mumbai; popularly called The Bombay/Mumbai Stock Exchange, or BSE) is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and has the greatest number of listed companies in the world, with 4700 listed as of August 2007.^[1] It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. On 31 December 2007, the equity market capitalization of the companies listed on the BSE was US$ 1.79 trillion, making it the largest stock exchange in South Asia and the 12th largest in the world.

Chicago Stock Exchange

The Chicago Stock Exchange (CHX) is a Chicago-based stock exchange. The Exchange is a national securities exchange and self-regulated organization, which operates under the oversight of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The Chicago Stock Exchange is the third most active stock exchange in the United States by volume, and the largest outside of New York City. The Chicago Stock Exchange is currently located at 440 South LaSalle Street (One Financial Place).

JET

The JSE makes use of fully automatic electronic trading on the JET System (Johannesburg Equities Trading). The System is an order-driven automated trading system acquired from the Chicago Stock Exchange, which has successfully installed the system at several other exchanges around the world.

The system was modified to suit the JSE's specialized needs. this was the best stock market thing to go to.

Hong Kong Stock Exchange

he Hong Kong Stock Exchange (traditional Chinese: 香港交易所, also 港交所 (HKEX), SEHK: 0388) is the stock exchange of Hong Kong. The exchange has predominantly been the main exchange for Hong Kong where shares of listed companies are traded. It is Asia's third largest stock exchange in terms of market capitalisation, behind the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. As of 31 December 2007, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange had 1,241 listed companies with a combined market capitalisation of $2.7 trillion. Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing is the holding company for the exchange.

JSE Securities Exchange

The JSE Limited (previously the JSE Securities Exchange and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange)^[1] is the largest stock exchange in Africa. It is situated at the corner of Maude Street and Gwen Lane in Sandton, Gauteng, South Africa. In 2003 the JSE had an estimated 472 listed companies and a market capitalisation of US$182.6 billion (€158 billion) as well as an average monthly traded value of US$ 6,399 million (€5.5 billion). As of 30 September 2006, the market capitalisation of the JSE was at US$579.1 billion. The JSE is presently the 16th largest stock exchange worldwide.

The JSE is planning to create a pan-African exchange by initially enabling investors to trade in shares from Ghana, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia. Later it will expand this across the rest of Africa.

Kuwait Stock Exchange

The Kuwait Stock Exchange (KSE) is the national stock market of The State of Kuwait. Although several share holding companies (such as NBK in 1952) existed in Kuwait prior to the creation of the KSE, it was not until October 1962 that a law was passed to organize the country's stock market.

The Kuwait Stock Exchange is also among the first and largest stock exchanges in the Persian Gulf region, and is now gaining prominence as one of the most potentially important in the world.

• The Kuwait Stock Exchange shall enjoy an independent judicial personality with the right of litigation in a mode facilitating the performance of its functions for the purpose of realising the objectives of its organisation in the best manner within the scope of regulations and laws governing the Stock Exchange operations.
• The Stock Exchange shall within its activity act to direct and rationalise dealing in stocks and securities, within the scope of its powers in order to develop and stabilise dealing in securities in a manner securing safe, easy and accurate transactions so as to avoid any confusion in dealings.
• The Stock Exchange, in pursuance of the research and the studies concluded by it and its follow up of the security dealing process shall render appropriate advice and opinion to the competent government authorities regarding the financial status of the Stock Exchange member companies and means of promoting their efficiency for realisation of their relevant objectives.

London Stock Exchange

The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in London, United Kingdom. Founded in 1801, it is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world, with many overseas listings as well as British companies. The exchange is part of the London Stock Exchange Group and so sometimes referred to by the ticker symbol for the group, LSE.

Its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London.

Structure and Operations

The reorganization of Spain's financial market under the national umbrella of the Spanish Stock Market includes the bolsas, the derivatives markets, and fixed-income markets. Trading is linked through the electronic Spanish Stock Market Interconnection System (SIBE), which handles more than 90% of transactions; all fixed-income assets are traded through SIBE.

The Madrid Stock Exchange General Index (IGBM) is the exchange's principle index and represents the construction, financial services, communications, consumer, capital/intermediate goods, energy, and market services sectors. The IBEX-35 Index is a capitalization-weighted index comprising the 35 most liquid Spanish stocks traded in the continuous market, and is Bolsa de Madrid's benchmark. Bolsa de Madrid also offers the FTSE-Latibex Index, a European market for Latin American stocks. The Ibex New Market Index, for emerging companies, was offered from 2000 to 2007

Bolsa de Madrid

Bolsa de Madrid (Madrid Stock Exchange) is the largest and most international of Spain's four regional stock exchanges (the others are located in Barcelona, Valencia, and Bilbao) that trade shares and convertible bonds and fixed income securities, and both government and private-sector debt. Bolsa de Madrid is owned by Bolsas y Mercados Españoles.

Palm oil futures

Bursa Malaysia is the world's biggest palm oil futures trading hub since 1980. The FCPO, the global price benchmark for the crude palm oil market, is a deliverable contract which is traded electronically on Bursa Malaysia’s trading platform.^[9]

Crude palm kernel futures and crude palm oil futures are primarily traded on [[Bursa Malaysia] in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) and US dollar denominated contracts. Their codenames are FPKO, FCPO and FUPO, respectively. Bursa Malaysia and CME Group had in August 2009 announced plans for crude palm oil futures to be electronically traded on the CME Globex.^[10]CME Group will develop a US dollar-denominated, cash-settled contract using Bursa Malaysia settlements as its reference, at its Globex electronic platform in Chicago.^[11][12]

Operating round the clock, the CME Globex trading system is at the heart of CME. Proposed in 1987, it was introduced in 1992 as the first global electronic trading platform for futures contracts. This fully electronic trading system allows market participants to trade from booths at the exchange or while sitting in a home or office thousands of miles away. When Globex was first launched, it used Reuters' technology and network. September 1998 saw the launch of the second generation of Globex using a modified version of the NSC trading system, developed by Paris Bourse for the MATIF (now Euronext). To connect to CME Globex, traders connect via Market Data Protocol (MDP) and iLink 2.0 for order routing.

Below is a non-exhaustive list of commodities exchanges around the world where palm oil futures is traded with different contract specifications:

• MDEX: Bursa Malaysia Derivatives Exchange
• DC: Dalian Commodity Exchange
• NCDEX: India's National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange

Jakarta Futures Exchange launched trading of physical crude palm oil (CPO) contracts in June 2009. Indonesia’s Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries at the Coordinating Ministry for the Economy, Bayu Krisnamurthi, had emphasised that a physical market must be established before futures trading can begin.^[13]

In October 2009, Indonesia plans to facilitate trading of crude palm oil and other raw materials on the Indonesia Commodity & Derivatives Exchange (ICDX).^[14] In spite of being the world’s largest producer, Indonesia has been unable to set a palm oil benchmark price, with trading centred in neighbouring Bursa Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur.

The Jakarta Futures Exchange, which was launched in 2000, started by offering crude palm oil and coffee futures but trading was “dormant” as operators have preferred to trade the palm oil contracts in Malaysia and coffee futures in London and New York, according to Edi Susmadi, a director of JFX. He attributed the failure to competition from Bursa Malaysia, and the low tech trading system. Max Ramajaya at Wilmar International, the world’s largest processor of palm oil, said: “When you trade on MDEX [Bursa Malaysia] you have better access to information about the market and more insight.

Back in June 2007, Singapore launched the Joint Asian Derivatives Exchange’s (JADE) US dollar-denominated CPO futures contract.^[15] JADE was a joint venture between the Chicago Board of Trade (now CME Group) and the Singapore Exchange (SGX). The aim was to provide a fair and transparent platform for price discovery in CPO and allow traders to buy JADE CPO futures and CBOT soyabean oil futures concurrently to manage their edible oils price risk.

However, the JADE CPO futures failed to sustain. CME Group, which acquired CBOT and inherited its investment in JADE, sold its 50% stake to SGX in late 2007.^[16] According to reports, both the rubber and CPO futures offered by JADE have failed to attract volumes. JADE merged with the Singapore Commodity Exchange in 2008

Bursa Malaysia

The Bursa Malaysia (MYX: 1818) or Malaysia Exchange, MYX previously known as Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE, Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur in Malay) dates back to 1930 when the Singapore Stockbrokers' Association was set up as a formal organisation dealing in securities in Malaya. In 1937 it was re-registered as the Malayan Stockbrokers' Association, but it still did not trade public shares.

By 1960s, the Malayan Stock Exchange was formed and public trading of shares began on 9 May. In 1961, the Board system was introduced whereby two trading rooms, one each in Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, were linked by direct telephone lines into a single market with the same stocks and shares listed at a single set of prices on both boards.

The Stock Exchange of Malaysia was officially formed in 1964 and in the following year, with the secession of Singapore from Malaysia, the common stock exchange continued to function under the name Stock Exchange of Malaysia and Singapore (SEMS).

In 1973, with the termination of currency interchangeability between Malaysia and Singapore, the SEMS was separated into The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Bhd (KLSEB) and The Stock Exchange of Singapore (SES). Malaysian companies continued to be listed on SES and vice-versa. A new company limited by guarantee, The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) took over operations of KLSEB as the stock exchange. In 1994, it was re-named Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange.

Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange became a demutualised exchange and was re-named Bursa Malaysia in 2004. It consists of a Main Board, a Second Board and MESDAQ with total market capitalization of MYR700 billion (US$189 billion).

In 2005, Bursa Malaysia was listed at its own exchange on 18 March. On 18 April, Bursa Malaysia introduced CBRS, a scheme which allows all investors to access research reports of Bursa-listed companies free-of-charge.

The main index for Bursa Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI). However, in June 2006, a new index series jointly developed by Bursa Malaysia and FTSE Group was introduced which is FTSE Bursa Malaysia Index.

On November 7, 2006, the index finally passed the 1,000 mark hurdle and closed at 1,003.28. It was partly boosted by the strong overnight close in the Wall Street.

As of 31 December 2007, the Malaysia Exchange had 986 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of $325 billion

National Stock Exchange of India

The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE), is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. It is the largest stock exchange in India in terms of daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading.^[1]. NSE has a market capitalization of around Rs 47,01,923 crore (7 August 2009) and is expected to become the biggest stock exchange in India in terms of market capitalization by 2009 end.^[2]Though a number of other exchanges exist, NSE and the Bombay Stock Exchange are the two most significant stock exchanges in India, and between them are responsible for the vast majority of share transactions. The NSE's key index is the S&P CNX Nifty, known as the Nifty, an index of fifty major stocks weighted by market capitalisation.

NSE is mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate entities^[3]. There are at least 2 foreign investors NYSE Euronext and Goldman Sachs who have taken a stake in the NSE.^[4] As of 2006^[update], the NSE VSAT terminals, 2799 in total, cover more than 1500 cities across India ^[5]. In October 2007, the equity market capitalization of the companies listed on the NSE was US$ 1.46 trillion, making it the second largest stock exchange in South Asia. NSE is the third largest Stock Exchange in the world in terms of the number of trades in equities.^[6]It is the second fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16.6%

National Stock Exchange Limited
Type	Stock Exchange
Location	Mumbai, India
Coordinates	19°3′37″N 72°51′35″E / 19.06028°N 72.85972°E / 19.06028; 72.85972
Owner	National Stock Exchange of India Limited
Key people	Mr.RAVI NARAIN Managing Director
Currency	INR
No. of listings	1587
MarketCap	Rs 47,01,923 crore(2009 August)
Indexes	S&P CNX Nifty CNX Nifty Junior S&P CNX 500
Website	www.nse-india.com

Trading

The New York Stock Exchange (sometimes referred to as "the Big Board") provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading. The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday between 9:30–16:00 ET, with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.

On the trading floor, the NYSE trades in a continuous auction format, where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors. They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker, who is employed by an NYSE member firm (that is, he/she is not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange), acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction. They do on occasion (approximately 10% of the time) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together.

As of January 24, 2007, all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic Hybrid Market (except for a small group of very high-priced stocks). Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution, or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market. In the first three months of 2007, in excess of 82% of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically.^[19]

The NYSE trading floor on August 2008

The right to directly trade shares on the exchange is conferred upon owners of the 1366 "seats". The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade. In 1868, the number of seats was fixed at 533, and this number was increased several times over the years. In 1953, the exchange stopped at 1366 seats. These seats are a sought-after commodity as they confer the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE. Seat prices have varied widely over the years, generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions. The most expensive inflation-adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000, which, today, would be over six million dollars. In recent times, seats have sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and $1 million in 2001. In 2005, seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange was set to merge with Archipelago and become a for-profit, publicly traded company. Seat owners received $500,000 cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation. The NYSE now sells one-year licenses to trade directly on the exchange.

NYSE

The origin of the NYSE can be traced to May 17, 1792, when the Buttonwood Agreement was signed by 24 stock brokers outside of 68 Wall Street in New York under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street. On March 8, 1817, the organization drafted a constitution and renamed itself the "New York Stock & Exchange Board". Anthony Stockholm was elected the Exchange's first president (for other presidents, see List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange).

The first central location of the Exchange was a room, rented in 1817 for $200 a month, located at 40 Wall Street. After that location was destroyed in the Great Fire of New York (1835), the Exchange moved to a temporary headquarters. In 1863, the New York Stock & Exchange Board changed to its current name, the New York Stock Exchange. In 1865, the Exchange moved to 10-12 Broad Street.

The volume of stocks traded increased sixfold in the years between 1896 and 1901, and a larger space was required to conduct business in the expanding marketplace.^[8] Eight New York City architects were invited to participate in a design competition for a new building; ultimately, the Exchange selected the neoclassic design submitted by architect George B. Post. Demolition of the Exchange building at 10 Broad Street, and adjacent buildings, started on May 10, 1901.

The new building, located at 18 Broad Street, cost $4 million and opened on April 22, 1903. The trading floor, at 109 x 140 feet (33 x 42.5 m), was one of the largest volumes of space in the city at the time, and had a skylight set into a 72-foot (22 m)-high ceiling. The main façade of the building features six tall Corinthian capitals, topped by a marble sculpture by John Quincy Adams Ward, called “Integrity Protecting the Works of Man”. The building was listed as a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 2, 1978.^[9]

In 1922, a building for offices, designed by Trowbridge & Livingston, was added at 11 Broad Street, as well as a new trading floor called the Garage. Additional trading floor space was added in 1969 the Blue Room, and in 1988 the EBR or Extended Blue Room, with the latest technology for information display and communication. Yet another trading floor was opened at 30 Broad Street called the Bond Room in 2000. As the NYSE introduced its hybrid market, a greater proportion of trading came to be executed electronically, and due to the resulting reduction in demand for trading floor space, the NYSE decided to close the 30 Broad Street trading room in early 2006. As the adoption of electronic trading continued to reduce the number of traders and employees on the floor, in late 2007, the NYSE closed the rooms created by the 1969 and 1988 expansions.

New York Stock Exchange

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is a stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street in lower Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA. It is the largest stock exchange in the world by United States dollar value of its listed companies' securities.^[3] As of October 2008, the combined capitalization of all domestic NYSE listed companies was US$10.1 trillion.^[4]

The NYSE is operated by NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSE's 2007 merger with the fully-electronic stock exchange Euronext. The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of four rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978,^[5] as was the 11 Wall Street building

Osaka Securities Exchange

The Osaka Securities Exchange Co., Ltd. (株式会社大阪証券取引所, Kabushiki-gaisha Ōsaka Shōken Torihikijo^?, OSE) (Hercules: 8697) is the second largest securities exchange in Japan, in terms of amount of business handled. As of 31 December 2007, the Osaka Securities Exchange had 477 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of $212 billion.^[1] The Nikkei 225 Futures, introduced at the Osaka Securities Exchange in 1988, is now an internationally recognized futures index. In contrast to the Tokyo Securities Exchange, which mainly deals in spot trading, the Osaka Securities Exchange’s strength is in derivative products today OSE is the leading Derivatives Exchange in Japan and it was the largest futures market in the world in 1990 and 1991. According to statistics from 2003, the Osaka Securities Exchange handled 59% of the stock price index futures market in Japan, and almost 100% of trading in the options market. Osaka Securities Exchange Co., which listed on its Hercules market for startups in April 2004 is the only Japanese securities exchange which went public on its own market.

In July 2006 OSE launched their newest futures contract the Nikkei 225 mini which is one tenth of the size of the original Nikkei 225 Futures contract and highly popular among Japanese individual investors. In September 2007 OSE established evening session for Stock Index Futures and Options.The trading hours is from 16:30 to

Business

he PSE before the mid-1990s was reminiscent of other outcry stock exchanges found throughout Southeast Asia before the technological advancements made during the last decade. On January 4, 1993, the former Manila Stock Exchange started the computerization of its operations using the Stratus Trading System (STS) with a company called Intelligent Wave Philippines. Later that year, on June 15, the former Makati Stock Exchange adopted the MakTrade trading system, the same system used on the Stock Exchange of Thailand and developed by the Chicago Stock Exchange. Both systems were linked on March 25, 1994, producing one set of opening and closing share prices, but orders were queued up on two different books.

Two years later, on November 13, 1995, both systems were unified when the PSE adopted the "Unified Trading System" (UTS) operating under the MakTrade system.

When the PSE started trading bonds on January 15, 2001, the system was modified to allow stock brokers to trade bonds using the same terminal. Also, the PSE-RoSS Interface System, a system allowing stock brokers to access the Philippine Bureau of the Treasury's Registry of Scripless Securities (BTr-RoSS), was made operational on the same day.

Companies are listed in the PSE on the First Board, Second Board or the Small and Medium

Philippine Stock Exchange

Philippine Stock Exchange
Type	Stock exchange
Location	Makati City, Philippines
Coordinates	14°33′22″N 121°1′22″E / 14.55611°N 121.02278°E / 14.55611; 121.02278
Owner	The Philippine Stock Exchange, Inc.
Key people	Jose C. Vitug, Chairman Francisco Ed. Lim, President and CEO
Currency	PHP
No. of listings	244
MarketCap	P7.979 trillion PHP (2007)
Volume	P1.338 trillion PHP (2007)
Indexes	PSEi
Website	www.pse.org.ph The Philippine Stock Exchange (Filipino: Pamilihang Sapi ng Pilipinas) (PSE: PSE) is one of the two stock exchanges in the Philippines, the other one being the Philippine Dealing Exchange. It is the primary stock exchange in the Philippines. Aside from being one of the major stock exchanges in Southeast Asia, it is also the first and the longest one operating since 1927. As of 31 December 2007, the Philippine Stock Exchange had 244 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of $103 billion.[1] It currently maintains two trading floors, one in Makati City's Central Business District and one at its headquarters in Pasig City. It is presently composed of a 15-man board, chaired by former Supreme Court Justice Jose Vitug, an independent director, who was reelected a 4th time on May 18, 2008 (since July 2005). Francis Lim was reelected to a 5th term as president since 2004.[2] The PSE is known for having one of the shortest trading hours of any stock exchange in Asia, only trading from 9:30 am to 12:10 pm PST.[3] A two-hour long afternoon trading session is set to be added to the PSE trading day by June 30, 2009.[4] The main index, the PSE Composite Index, reached an all-time high of 3896.74 during the intra-day trading on October 8, 200

Chronology

• 1866 - The first share list appeared in June.
• 1871 - Speculative bubble burst triggered by monetary panic.
• 1883 - Credit crisis resulted speculation in Chinese companies.
• 1890 - Bank crisis started from Hong Kong.
• 1891 - "Shanghai Sharebrokers Association" established.
• 1895 - Treaty of Shimonoseki opened Chinese market to foreign investors.
• 1904 - Renamed to "Shanghai Stock Exchange".
• 1909-1910 - Rubber boom.
• 1911 - Revolution and the abdication of the Qing Dynasty. Founding of the Republic of China.
• 1914 - Market closed for a few months due to the Great War (World War I).
• 1919 - Speculation in cotton shares.
• 1925 - Second rubber boom.
• 1929 - "Shanghai Securities & Commodities Exchange" and "Shanghai Chinese Merchant Exchange" were merged into the existing Shanghai Stock Exchange.
• 1931 - Incursion of Japanese forces into northern China.
• 1930s - The market was dominated by the rubber share price movements.
• 1941 - The market closed on Friday 5 December. Japanese troops occupied Shanghai.
• 1946-1949 - Temporary resumption of the Shanghai Stock Exchange until the Communist takeover. Founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
• 1978 - Deng Xiaoping re-opened China to the rest of the world.
• 1981 - Trading in treasury bonds were resumed.
• 1984 - Company stocks and corporate bonds emerged in Shanghai and a few other cities.
• 1990 - The present Shanghai Stock Exchange re-opened in November 26 and began operation on December 19.
• 2001-2005 - A four-year market slump which saw Shanghai's market value halved (after reaching a peak in 2001). A ban on new IPOs was put in April 2005 to curb the slump and allow more than US$200 billion of mostly state-owned equity to be converted to tradable shares.
• 2006 - The SSE resumed full operation as the yearlong ban on IPOs was lifted in May. The world's largest ever (US$21.9 billion) IPO by the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) was launched in both Shanghai and Hong Kong stock markets.^[6]
• 2007 - A "stock market frenzy" as speculative traders rush into the market, making China's stock exchange temporarily the world's second largest in terms of turnover.^[7] Fears of a market bubble and intervention by authorities caused large fluctuation not seen since the past decade.^{[8] [9]}
• 2008 - After reaching an all-time high of 6,124.044 points on October 16, 2007,^[10] the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index ended 2008 down a record 65%^[11] due mainly to the impact of the globa

Shanghai Stock Exchange

The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) (simplified Chinese: 上海证券交易所; traditional Chinese: 上海證券交易所; pinyin: Shànghǎi Zhèngquàn Jiāoyìsuǒ) is a Chinese stock exchange or bourse that is based in the city of Shanghai. It is one of the three stock exchanges operating independently in the People's Republic of China, the other two are the Shenzhen Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Unlike the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange is still not entirely open to foreign investors^[1] due to tight capital account controls exercised by the Chinese mainland authorities.^[2]

At the end of 2007, the Shanghai Stock Exchange had 860 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of US$3.95 trillion^[3], making it the largest in China and second largest in the world.^[4] The current exchange was re-established on November 26, 1990 and was in operation on December 19 of the same year. It is a non-profit organization directly administered by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).

Shanghai Stock Exchange
上海证券交易所
Type	Stock Exchange
Location	Shanghai, China
Key people	Geng Liang (Chairman) Zhang Yujun (President)
Currency	RMB
No. of listings	860
MarketCap	USD $3.21 trillion (2009)
Indexes	SSE Composite SSE 180 SSE 50
Website	www.sse.com.cn

Bombay and Tokyo Stock Exchange

Singapore Exchange acquired a strategic investment in Bombay Stock Exchange (5%) for US$42.7m. This was consistent with the strategy of building an Asian Gateway for securities and derivatives.^{[citation needed]} A collaboration was also signed with Abu Dhabi Securities Market in order to benefit from the Singapore and United Arab Emirates. The SGX also has a 50-50 joint venture with the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to list commodity futures on a Singapore-based platform called Jade, which aims to tap a fragmented but fast-growing market for derivatives.^{[citation needed]} Moreover,Tokyo Stock Exchange is looking for some partners in Asia. On June 15, 2007, TSE announced that it had purchased a 4.99% stake in SGX for 37.4 billion yen (US$303 million). Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) is considering to rise in Singapore Exchange and is currently discussing with Singapore Exchange to develop jointly traded products. They plan to develop joint equity and interest-rate products, though analysts^[who?] said the main lure for the TSE was SGX's expertise in futures and clearing services.

Singapore Exchange

Singapore Exchange Limited SGX: S68 (SGX) is the stock exchange in Singapore. SGX was formed on December 1, 1999, following the merger of two established and well-respected financial institutions - the Stock Exchange of Singapore (SES) and the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX). It is the Asia-Pacific's first demutualised and integrated securities and derivatives exchange.[1] As of 31 December 2007, the Singapore Exchange had 762 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of $539 billion.^[1] The revenues of Singapore Exchange are mainly from the securities market (72%) and derivatives market (28%).

Singapore Exchange Limited has achieved the highest^{[clarification needed]} quarterly profit since its listing in 2000. SGX posted a profit of over $200 million which represents more than double growth of 2007 corresponding period. The strong results were achieved on the back of robust securities trading driven by high volatility and liquidity in the markets.^{[citation needed]} Its Futures and Options market saw also another record year in 2007. SGX’s derivatives volume exceeded 44 million contracts, surpassing its previous annual record volume in 2006 by 21%. The strong increase in overall volumes was fuelled by soaring growth in some of its key contracts including the Nikkei 225, MSCI Taiwan and the MSCI Singapore Index Futures contracts, which also hit new record

Establishment of the Stock Exchange of Thailand

Despite the failure of the BSE, the concept of an orderly, officially supported securities market in Thailand had by then attracted considerable attention. In this regard, the Second National Economic and Social Development Plan (1967-1971) proposed, for the first time, a plan for the establishment of such a market, with appropriate facilities and procedures for securities trading.

In 1969, as recommended by the World Bank, the government acquired the services of Professor Sidney M. Robbins from Columbia University to study the development channels of the Thai capital market. Professor Robbins had previously served as Chief Economist at the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The same year proved an eventful one for the Thai capital market, as the Bank of Thailand also formed a Working Group on Capital Market Development, which was assigned the task of establishing the stock market. A year later, in 1970, Professor Robbins produced a comprehensive report entitled "A Capital Market in Thailand". This report became the master plan for the future development of the Thai capital market.

In 1972 the Government took a further step in this direction by amending the "Announcement of the Executive Council No. 58 on the Control of Commercial Undertakings Affecting Public Safety and Welfare". The changes extended Government control and regulation over the operations of finance and securities companies, which until then had operated fairly freely. Following these amendments, in May 1974, long-awaited legislation establishing "The Securities Exchange of Thailand" (SET) was enacted. This was followed by revisions to the Revenue Code at the end of the year, allowing the investment of savings in the capital market. By 1975 the basic legislative framework was in place and on April 30, 1975, "The Securities Exchange of Thailand" officially started trading. On January 1, 1991 its name was formally changed to "The Stock Exchange of Thailand"

Stock exchange of Thailand

Stock Exchange of Thailand

The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) is the national stock exchange of Thailand. It is located in Bangkok. As of 31 December 2007, the Stock Exchange of Thailand had 523 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of $197 billion.

The modern Thai Capital Market traces its origins back to the early 1960s. In 1961 Thailand implemented its first five-year National Economic and Social Development Plan to support the promotion of economic growth and stability as well as to develop the Kingdom's standard of living. Following upon this, the Second National Economic and Social Development Plan (1967-1971) then proposed for the first time that an orderly securities market be established in order to mobilize additional capital for national economic development.

The creation of Thailand's first officially sanctioned and regulated securities market was initially proposed as part of the Second National Economic and Social Development Plan (1967-1971). In outlining its proposal for the creation of a supervised securities market, the Second National Development Plan stressed that the market's most important role would be to mobilize funds to support Thailand's industrialization and economic development.

The modern Thai capital market can essentially be divided into two phases, beginning with "The Bangkok Stock Exchange" which was privately owned, followed by the establishment of "The Securities Exchange of Thailand".

[edit] Establishment of the Bangkok Stock Exchange

The inception of the Thai stock market began as early as July 1962, when a private group established an organized stock exchange as a limited partnership. The group later became a limited company and changed its name to the "Bangkok Stock Exchange Co., Ltd." (BSE) in 1963.

Despite its well-intended foundation the BSE was rather inactive. Annual turnover value consisted of only 160 million baht in 1968, and 114 million baht in 1969. Trading volumes continued to fall sharply thereafter to 46 million baht in 1970, and then 28 million baht in 1971. The turnover in debentures reached 87 million baht in 1972, but stocks continued to perform poorly, with turnover hitting an all time low of only 26 million baht. The BSE finally ceased operations in the early 1970s.

It is generally accepted that the BSE failed to succeed because of a lack of official government support and a limited investor understanding of the equity market The indices of the stock exchange are SET Index, SET50 Index and SET100 Index

Alliances

he London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the TSE are developing jointly traded products and share technology, marking the latest cross-border deal among bourses as international competition heats up. The TSE is also looking for some partners in Asia, and more specifically is seeking an alliance with the Singapore Exchange (SGX), which is considered as becoming a leading financial hub in the Asia-Pacific region. Recently, some rumors close to the deal suggest that the TSE is preparing for a takeover of the SGX, or at least take a major stake, in the first semester of 2008. The TSE has already acquired a 5% stake in the SGX as of June 2007, deemed to be only the beginning of greater participation

Tokyo Stock Exchange
東京証券取引所
The Tokyo Stock Exchange (東京証券取引所, Tōkyō Shōken Torihikisho?), or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest stock exchange in the world by aggregate market capitalization of its listed companies, second only to the New York Stock Exchange. As of 31 December 2007, the Tokyo Stock Exchange had 2,414 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of $4.3 trillio

Companies traded on the TSX

See Category:Lists of companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange for a complete list.

As of 31 December 2007, the TSX had 3,951 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of $2.2 trillion.^[4]

The exchange is home to all of Canada's Big Five commercial banks, including: CIBC, Bank of Montreal, Bank of Nova Scotia, Royal Bank of Canada and the Toronto-Dominion Bank, making the Exchange the centre for banking in the country. This was seen as being most evident during the proposed mergers of Royal Bank of Canada and Bank of Montreal alongside CIBC and Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1998, which were seen as stopping competition by the then Finance Minister Paul Martin.

The exchange is the primary listing for several energy companies including; Cameco Corporation, Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., Canadian Oil Sands Trust, EnCana Corporation, Husky Energy Inc., Imperial Oil Ltd. and Nexen Inc. all within the top 40 companies listed in on the exchange.